The chart I'm working with here displays orders by category in year, and it's based on the data in the worksheet, some of which is obscured by the chart, but you can see that we have four different categories, and also values for 2016, 2017, and 2018.
My sample file is the chart axes workbook, and you can find it in the chapter seven folder of the exercise files collection. I'll demonstrate how to make those changes in this movie. As with other elements of your charts, you can control the appearance of those markers.
When you summarize data in a chart, Excel adds markers and labels to the chart's horizontal and vertical axes to help viewers interpret the chart's contents.